"Sigmund Freud"

Today we are learn about the great psychiatrist "Sigmund Freud"

Sigmund Freud was born in Moravia on May 6,  1856. And died in London on September 23, 1939 as a young man he decided that he wanted to be a scientist. With this goal in mind he entered the medical school of the university Vienna in 1873, graduating 8 years later. Freud never intended to practice medicine but the scanty rewards of scientific work the limited opportunities for academic advancement for a Jew, and the needs of a growing family forced in the enter private practice. In spite of his practice, we found time for research and writing and he accomplishment as a medical investigator and him a solid reputation.

He said, the personality is made up for three major systems: id, the ego and the superego. Although which of these provinces of the total personality has its own functions, properties, components, operating principle dynamisms and mechanism, the interact so closely with one another that it is difficult if not impossible to disentangle their effects and weigh their relative contribution to human behaviour. Behaviour is nearly always the product of an interaction among these three systems really does one system operates to the exclusion of the other two.

The Id, the Ego and the Superego

Freud suggested that personality has three components: id, ego and superego.

Id: Id is a store of instinctual energy that includes biological urges like impulses toward survival, sex and aggression. The id is unconscious and works as per the pleasure principle, the drive to achieve pleasure and avoid pain. The id has primary process thinking, which is illogical, irrational and motivated by a desire for fulfilling of impulses.

Ego: Ego manages the conflict between the id and the constraints of the real world. Some parts of the ego are unconscious and others are preconscious or conscious. The ego works as per the reality principle, the awareness that gratification of impulses has to be delayed in to accommodate the demands of the real world.,The ego is characterised by secondary process thinking, which is logical and rational. The ego prevents the id from fulfilling its impulses in socially inappropriate ways.

Superego: It is the moral component of personality. It has all the moral values learned from parents and society It compels the ego to conform to reality and to its ideals of morality. It causes a person to feel guilty when he goes against socicty's rules. It also operates at al three awareness levels.

Conflict: Id, ego, superego are in constant conflict. Freud focused mainly on conflicts related to sexual and aggressive urges since these urges are most likely to violate the rules.

Anxiety: A person feels anxious due to internal conflicts. Freud held that a person gets anxiety when the ego cannot adequately balance the demands of the id and the superego. The id demands ful filment of its impulses while the superego aims at maintaining moral standards.

Defence Mechanisms

Defence mechanisms are behaviours which are automatic and unconscious. Defence mechanisms manage internal conflicts. An individual is generally not aware that he is using defence mechanisms at the conscious level. Some common defense mechanisms used are given below:

Repression: Closing unpleasant thoughts, memories and feelings in the unconscious mind. For example, Harish witnessed his father was beaten by a criminal when he met an accident. This happened when Harish was seven years of age. He does not have this incident in his mind as an adult because he has repressed that traumatic incident in the unconscious.

Reaction Formation: This is an opposite behaviour, feelings, or thoughts that are considered unacceptable. For example: Ashok feels attracted to his teacher but does not admit this to himself. Instead, he makes very disparaging comments about the teacher which is opposite of his feclings of attraction.

Projection: It is a person's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else. For example: Amit is  to women other than his wife and feels bad about it, However he does not say anything about it nor he wants to accept such feelings in him. He thus unconsciously projects these feelings on to his wife saying that she is unfaithful and that she gets attracted to other men.

Rationalization: It is incorrect but self-serving explanation to justify unacceptable behaviour, throughts, or feelings. For example, Ajit violated traffic rules while driving. He justified this by saying that he was already in the intersection when the light turned red.

Displacement: It refers to transferring feelings about a person or event onto someone or something else. For example, Ritesh is angry at his teacher for giving him a bad score. After the class, he shouted angrily at a passerby who bumps into him by accident.

Denial: It means refusing to accept something which is obvious to others. For example, Anant's alcohol habbit has started to affect his job and relationships. However, he insists that he drinks only to relieve stress and that he does not have any problem.

Regression: It means reverting to a more immature state of psychological development for example Five-year-old Ashmit gets less attention from his parents after the birth of a baby brother is started to wet his bad at night.

Sublimation: It means channeling unacceptable thoughts and feelings into socially acceptable behaviour. For example Anita write poetry to express his feeling of anger.

Psychosexual stages of development.

Psychosexual stages of Development